When Snow Turns to Shouts: A City at the Center of a Nation’s Toughest Enforcement
On a bitter January afternoon in Minneapolis, steam rose from the city streets like the exhalations of a city holding its breath. The air was thin and raw; people wrapped scarves up to their noses, the kind of cold that makes chanting hurt. Still, thousands gathered—voices cracking in the cold, signs clenched in numb fingers—demanding answers, demanding that the swarm of federal agents encamped in their neighborhoods leave.
The death of a man at the hands of a federal agent this week has become one more painful stitch in a rapidly tightening national narrative: the human cost of an unprecedented immigration enforcement surge. In a matter of weeks, the headlines have traced a grim trail—shootings, detention deaths, conflicting accounts and an answer that feels incomplete to many.
A life interrupted
The man who died in Minneapolis, reported in local outlets as Alex Pretti, was known around his neighborhood as a nurse who kept odd hours and loved crossword puzzles. “He was the kind of person who wouldn’t hesitate to help,” said Marjorie Klein, 68, who lives two blocks from where the altercation unfolded. “He’d check on neighbors, shovel the steps of an elderly lady. This is just incomprehensible.”
According to the Department of Homeland Security, a Border Patrol agent fired after Mr. Pretti resisted attempts to be disarmed. But a mosaic of bystander videos circulating on social media and verified by independent journalists tells a more complicated story: footage shows agents pepper-spraying Mr. Pretti as he records them with his phone, then wrestling him to the ground. No weapon is visible in the recordings before multiple gunshots ring out.
“We are calling for a full, independent investigation,” said Council Member Amina Hassan, who has been at the protests almost daily. “People here feel like their city has been taken over—it’s an occupation. You can see it on their faces. You can see it in the way parents pull their kids in close.”
Protests in sub-zero temperatures
Temperatures plunged below freezing as demonstrators pressed on, wrapping themselves in layers and huddling around makeshift heaters. Their signs mixed anger with sorrow: “Investigate, Don’t Occupy,” read one; another: “No More Militarized Checkpoints.” A chorus of chants—”No more ICE!” and “People over policy!”—rose from a crowd made up of longtime residents, immigrant families, college students and retired nurses.
“It felt like we had to be here,” said Diego Ramirez, 24, a local organizer who traveled across town in a wool coat and gloves. “If we don’t show up now, this becomes our new normal. What kind of country lets federal forces snatch people off the street for civil violations?”
Five shootings, mounting questions
The Minneapolis shooting was the latest in a series of law-enforcement-involved shootings this month tied to immigration operations. In all, federal agents were involved in five shootings across January—an alarming cluster for what should be routine civil enforcement. One of the other incidents took place in Portland, Oregon, where a Border Patrol agent wounded a Venezuelan driver, Luis Nino-Moncada, and a passenger. DHS described it as a response to an attempted vehicle attack; prosecutors have since filed assault charges against Mr. Nino-Moncada, while his passenger, Yorlenys Zambrano-Contreras, recently pleaded guilty to unlawful entry.
Another episode in Minneapolis saw an ICE agent shoot a man in the leg after what DHS described as an assault involving a shovel and a broom handle. But court filings unsealed this week revealed that officers were pursuing the wrong license plate—a simple mistake, perhaps, with striking consequences. An FBI affidavit suggested the officers had chased the car of an innocent person after scanning a plate registered to someone else suspected in an immigration matter.
“When enforcement becomes a dragnet, the margin for error grows,” said Dr. Maya Patel, a migration and human-rights scholar at the University of Minnesota. “And every mistake is amplified when there’s a weapon in the mix. We need clarity—where did failures happen, and how are they being addressed?”
Detention centers: an invisible crisis now visible
Beyond the flash of firearms, a quieter but no less harrowing tally has emerged: at least six people have died in federal immigration detention this month alone. That follows roughly 30 deaths in ICE custody last year—a two-decade high. Families, lawyers, and advocates are demanding medical records, CCTV footage, and transparency as agency explanations shift and evolve.
Take the case of Geraldo Lunas Campos, a Cuban detainee who died on 3 January at a detention site on a military base in Texas. Initially, agency statements said he experienced “medical distress.” Later narratives suggested he attempted suicide and resisted officers. This week, the El Paso County medical examiner classified the death as a homicide, citing “asphyxia due to neck and torso compression.”
“The shifting story is exactly what fuels distrust,” said Erika Campos, a detention-rights attorney who has represented detainees for a decade. “When agencies change their description of death after public pressure—first ‘medical distress,’ then ‘suicide’—people have to ask: why the change? Who’s been accountable?”
ICE figures show that detention levels have swollen under new enforcement priorities. Early this month, roughly 69,000 people were held in immigration custody—levels not seen in recent years. Nearly 43% of those picked up by ICE had no criminal charge or conviction, according to the agency’s own statistics, highlighting a fundamental tension: mass detention for civil infractions.
Money, manpower and a political moment
All of this is taking place under a new, enormous budgetary umbrella: the administration has earmarked roughly $170 billion for immigration agencies through September 2029. And the visible symbol of that investment has been people—some 3,000 federal agents deployed to Minneapolis alone this month.
“The administration says it’s about removing dangerous criminals,” said Daniel Ruiz, a Department of Homeland Security spokesperson in a statement. “But we are also focused on enforcing civil laws meant to preserve order at the border and in our communities. Our agents are trained to apprehend and, when needed, defend.”
But many of those detained were apprehended for civil violations—the legal equivalent of a traffic ticket in other contexts—fuelling questions about proportionality, due process and the human impact of bureaucratic zeal.
What does accountability look like?
As the city of Minneapolis mourns and protests, as attorneys file subpoenas and as families demand answers, a larger question hangs in the cold air: what does a humane, effective immigration policy look like in a world of mass displacement and political polarization?
Should enforcement prioritize violent offenders? How much transparency should oversight bodies demand from federal agencies operating in communities? And perhaps most fundamentally: how does a democratic society balance the rule of law with the preservation of basic human dignity?
“We are not against borders,” said Nadia Ortiz, an immigrant-rights organizer, her breath fogging in the light. “We are against a system that treats people like numbers. We want rules that are fair, we want transparency, and we want accountability when things go wrong.”
Where we go from here
Minneapolis, with its frozen streets and boiling tensions, has become a focal point for those questions. For now, families grieve, investigators collect footage, and residents bundle up to march again. Whether those marches change policy or simply register outrage remains to be seen.
But one thing is clear: every life lost adds urgency to debates that are too often reduced to rhetoric. Across town, an elderly neighbor still shovels snow for those who can’t. At the protest, a young organizer keeps her placard dry. They, like the rest of us, are left to ask: what kind of country do we want to be—one that arms and detains, or one that enforces borders while protecting the dignity of those who cross them?
These are not abstract questions. They are immediate, urgent, and human. And they will likely echo through the courts, the halls of Congress, and the living rooms of towns across the country long after the snow melts.
















